Question:
According to Jewish tradition, four messianic figures, called the Four Craftsmen, from a vision found in the Book of Zechariah (Zech.1:18-21). The four craftsmen are discussed in the Babylonian Talmud Suk. 52b. which identifies these four craftsmen as Messiah ben David, Messiah ben Joseph, Elijah, and the Righteous Priest. My question is: If Jesus was Messiah/King, then who would be another Messiah and who is the Righteous Priest who Jews were waiting for?
Answer:
The Jews in Jesus’ time had more than one idea about the Messiah. The Essenes had a concept of two Messiah-figures. One was the Davidic, kingly Messiah who would come as a powerful ruler to kick out the Romans and to re-establish Israel as a political nation. The other was more like a priestly Messiah-figure. They used passages such as Zechariah 3:1-10 for their priestly Messiah. Both ideas were gleaned from the Bible, but the Essenes incorrectly divided this into two different Messiah figures. Jewish groups conceived of something like a suffering Messiah, such as that pictured in Isaiah 53. You have found a source which mentions four different Messiah-like figures. These ideas are the result of the fact that there are a number of kinds of prophecies in the Old Testament about a future leader. There are passages about the Messiah being a king, The Messiah is described as the Son of David and the branch of Jesse. These were the most often-quoted messianic passages to the Jews in the first century. But then, there are passages about the Messiah being a high priest. Zechariah 3 is an example. We can also mention Psalm 110:4 is another priestly messianic prophecy. There are passages about the Messiah being a suffering servant, such as Isaiah 53 and Isaiah 42:1-4. The outlier in the list you found is Elijah. Malachi 4:5-6 is a prophecy about the return of Elijah, but he is not a messiah-figure. This prophecy is fulfilled by John the Baptist (Matthew 11:14). The fourth figure in the Talmud passage you site is in fact not about the Messiah. It is the one who comes before the Messiah (Malachi 3:1). It is John the Baptist.
So, three of the messiah-ideas listed in the Talmud source you are describing are fulfilled by one person, which is Jesus of Nazareth. The fourth prophetic idea was fulfilled by John the Baptist. Like Jesus said in Matthew 5:17, he is the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. He is the fulfillment of all of the messianic expectations (Luke 24:44, John 5:39,40). He fulfills the messianic expectation of a kingly ruler, of a perfect high priest, and of son of Joseph. He is all these things and more, as he is also the suffering servant.
By the way, I did not talk about Jesus as the Son of Joseph. Joseph is a prefigure of the Messiah as well. He began at the right hand of his Father, after which he became a slave in Egypt, but then he was raised up to the right hand of Pharaoh. This is parallel to Jesus who began at the right hand of his Father, but came to earth to take the form of a slave (Phil 2), and was raised back to the right hand of the Father. His brothers were jealous of him because he was to rule over them (as prophesied in the stacks of hay bowing to him and the stars bowing to him in his dream). This is like Jesus. They decided to kill him, as Jesus’ brother Jews decided to kill him. He was then sold/betrayed for 20 pieces of silver, which was the price of a slave at that time. Jesus was betrayed for 30 pieces of silver, the price of a slave at that time. Jesus is the son of Joseph in many ways.
Whether Zechariah 1:18-20 is a messianic passage is debatable. The Jew’s interpretation that it represents the four separate messianic figures is a very doubtful interpretation. However, what we can say is that Jesus did fulfill every valid messianic expectation.
John Oakes